The Swastika: The Earliest Known Symbol & its Migrations
Definitions, Description & Origin
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There are several varieties possibly related to the Swastika which have been found in almost every part of the globe, and though the relation may appear slight, and at first sight difficult to trace, yet it will appear more or less intimate as the examination is pursued through its ramifications. As this paper is an investigation into and report upon the facts rather than conclusions to be drawn from them, it is deemed wise to give those forms bearing even possible relations to the Swastika. Certain of them have been accepted by the author as related to the Swastika, while others have been rejected; but this rejection has been confined to cases where the known facts seemed to justify another origin for the symbol, Speculation has been avoided.
Names and Definitions of the Swastika.
The Swastika has been
called by different names in different countries, though nearly all countries
have in later years accepted the ancient Sanskrit name of Swastika; and
this name is recommended as the most definite and certain, being now the
most general and, indeed, almost universal. It was formerly spelled s-v-a-s-t-i-c-a
and s-u-a-s-t-i-k-a, but the later spelling, both English and French,
is s-w-a-s-t-i-k-a. The definition and etymology of the word is thus given
in Littre's French Dictionary:
Svastika, or Swastika,
a mystic figure used by several (East) Indian sects. It was equally well
known to the Brahmins as to the Buddhists. Most of the rock inscriptions
in the Buddhist caverns in the west of India are preceded or followed
by the holy (sacramental) sign of the Swastika. (Eug. Burnouf, "Le
Lotus de la bonne loi." Paris, 1852, p.625.) It was seen on the vases
and pottery of Rhodes (Cyprus) and Etruria. (F. Delaunay, Jour. off.,
Nov. 18, 1873, p.7024,3d col.)
Etymology: A Sanskrit word signifying happiness, pleasure, good luck. It is composed of Su (equivalent of the Greek ev), "good" and asti, "being" "good being," with the suffix ka (Greek ka, Latin co).
In the "Revue d'Ethnographie" (iv, 1885, p. 329), Mr. Dumoutier gives the following analysis of the Sanskrit, swastika:
Su, radical, signifying good, well, excellent, or suridas, prosperity.
Auti, third person, singular, indicative present of the verbs as,
to be, which is sum in Latin.
Ka, suffix forming the substantive.
Professor Whitney in the Century Dictionary says, Swastika---[Sanskrit, lit. "of good fortune." Svasti (Su, well, + asti, being), welfare.] Same as fylfot. Compare Crux ansata and gammadion.
In "Ilios" (p.347), Max Müller says:
Ethnologically, Svastika is derived from srasti, and svasti from su, "well,"
and as, "to be." Svasti occurs frequently in the
Veda, both as a noun in a sense of happiness, and as an adverb in the
sense of "well" or "hail!" It corresponds to the Greek
enedrea, such as are found most frequently among Buddhists and Jainas.
M. Eugèue Burnouf (1) defines
the mark Swastika as follows:
A monogrammatic sign of
four branches, of which the ends are curved at right angles, the name
signifying, literally, the sign of benediction or good augury.
The foregoing explanations relate only to the present accepted name "Swastika." The sign Swastika must have existed long before the name was given to it. It must have been in existence long before the Buddhist religion of the Sanskrit language.
In Great Britain the common
name given to the Swastika from Anglo-Saxon times by those who apparently
had no knowledge whence it came, or that it came from any other than their
own country was Fylfot, said to have been derived from the Anglo-Saxon fower fot, meaning four-footed, or many-footed. (2)
George Waring, in his work entitled "Ceramie Art in Remote Ages"(p.10),
says:
The word [Fylfot] is Scandinavian
and is compounded of Old Norse fiël, equivalent to the Anglo-Saxon fela, German viel, many, and fotr, foot, the many-footed
figure.
* * * It is desirable to have some settled name by which to describe it - we will take the simplest and most descriptive, the "Fylfot."
He thus transgresses one of the oldest and soundest rules of scientific nomenclature, and ignores the fact that the name Swastika has been employed for this sign in the Sanskrit language (the etymology of the word naturally gave it the name Svastika, sv–good or well, asti–to be or being, or it is) and that two thousand and more years of use in Asia and Europe had sanctioned and sanctified that as its name. The use of Fylfot is confined to comparatively few persons in Great Britain and, possibly, Scandinavia. Outside of these countries it is scarcely known, used, or understood.
ENDNOTES:
1. "Des Sciences et Religon," p.256. [Back]
2. R.P. Greg, "The Fylfot and Swastika," Archaeologia, xlviii, part 2, 1885, p.298;H.Mis.90, pt.2-----49 [Back]